Tourism in the peak district national park Essay Example for Free

Tourism in the peak district national park Essay Tourism in the peak district national park- case study, MEDC The peak district national park introduction The peak district is in the north of England and is the oldest national park in Britain. The park has two main areas;   The white peak, mostly in the south is a large plateau of carboniferous lime stone To the west and north lie the dark peaks, a highland area which is more than 609m above sea level, covered by a layer of sand stone In 1951, the Peak District National Park became the first National Park in Britain. It covers 1438 square kilometres (555 square miles) of beautiful countryside from high (636m) windblown moorlands in the north to green farmland and tranquil dales in the south. The diversity of habitats and wealth of wildlife they support make the region of international importance What are the attractions of the national park?   Honey- pot sites like certain villages   The scenery is of outstanding beauty   Boating, fishing and water sports   Cycling, riding. Hang gliding and four-wheel motoring   Sense of remoteness, quite enjoyment of nature Unique biodiversity   Distinctive character of buildings and settlements. Historic buildings, gardens and parks   Easy accessibility from surrounding areas, close to major cities   The Peak District is valued for its cultural heritage including stone circles, ancient hill forts, medieval castles, mills, lead mines and miles of drystone walls. Who visits the national park? The Peak District National Park is surrounded by many large cities (see map above) and is easily accessible to the 15. 7 million people that living within 60 miles of the boundary. Most visitors come from Derbyshire (14%), South Yorkshire (13%), Cheshire (12%) and the other Counties that are partly within the National Park.  22million people visit the national park each year and most of these are day tourists.   International   National   Day trippers What is the national parks policy on tourism?   to conserve and enhance their natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage   to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities. With regard to tourism and recreation, the Authority has recognised there is a need to:   provide for those seeking quiet enjoyment of the National Park through promoting quiet active recreation, such as walking, cycling etc. Achieve a more even spread of visits over the year the tourism market is very seasonal and many places are overcrowded in the summer and very quiet in winter.   increase the number of staying visitors (who stay one or more nights) as they spend more money and so help support the many small businesses that depend on tourism.   reduce the number of visits made by car in all parts of the National Park, efforts are being made to encourage greater use of public transport with extra bus services and special routes serving popular honeypot areas. Promote understanding of the special qualities of the Peak District to visitors.   maximise local social and economic benefits. The parks sustainable tourism strategy is; 1. to increase visitor spend and maximise the local benefits of that spend 2. to encourage visitors to stay longer 3. to encourage visits throughout the year 4. to attract new visitors (with potential spending power) where appropriate 5. to reduce dependency on the car when visiting the area 6. to deliver for local people and not just visitors 7. to conserve the landscape, including the towns and villages, and their special qualities 8. To enhance visitor enjoyment and understanding of the market towns and rural areas 9. to ensure that the traditional enjoyment of the Peak District will be more accessible to a wider range of people 10. to encourage best use of existing resources Benefits of tourism More tourist related jobs and contribution to the economy   Increased income   Increased local services   Encouragement to preserve historic buildings and sites Continuation of traditional crafts   Tourists come to local charity events and spend money Problems with tourism   Footpath erosion. Many valuable eco-systems like water meadows and moorland areas have been harmed   Archaeological features lost due to changes in farming conditions i. e. farmers introducing drainage systems.   Increased numbers of people arriving by car. 90% of the 20million people living within an hours drive come by car   Road traffic within the park has grown by over 60%   Tourists leaving gates open and farm animals escaping   Higher pollution, congestion and parking difficulties   Tourists less considerate and drop litter Services are put in place for them like cafes and restaurants which ruin the scenery Inconsiderate parking   Local birds living on moorland areas are driven out of their homes   Livestock can be killed by dogs not kept on leads How can tourism be managed? Active recreation;   A cycle hire scheme and special routes along disused railway lines or traffic free roads has been provided at 4 centres (Parsley Hay, Upper Derwent, Ashbourne and Waterhouses) with around 55,000 hirings per year.   There are 55 reservoirs of over 2 hectares in area in the National Park. Fishing is allowed on twelve of these and sailing on five of them. There is a gliding centre at Great Hucklow, and several sites for hang gliding eg. at Mam Tor and Stanage. There are 14 stables with horses for hire in and around the Peak District. Providing accommodation;   65% of visits to the Peak District National Park are day visits, the remainder being visits by people staying on holiday (4. 8 nights on average).   A range of accommodation is provided for staying visitors: camping and caravan sites (114 authorised sites with authorisation for 4,646 caravans and 891 tents), 13 camping barns, 13 Youth Hostels and Bed Breakfast in a large number of private houses, pubs or hotels. The 1998 Visitor Survey showed that staying visitors spend on average i 21-26/day compared with day visitors who spend an average of i 7. 30/day in the Park Traffic control;   The South Pennines Integrated Transport Strategy (SPITS) has been devised by the Peak District National Park Transport Forum to control visitor traffic over the next 20 years.   The Hope Valley Community Rail Partnership aims to encourage the use of buses and trains within this popular valley. Work includes publicity and marketing, enhanced service levels, special events, walks and local arts promotions Footpath management;   The Pennine Way, the most popular long distance path and with the greatest erosion problems, has been paved for most of its length within the Park. This has prevented further erosion and has led to the re-vegetation of previously eroded peat.   Dovedale is a honeypot area where the footpath through the dale can be used by up to 1,000 people an hour. A better path has been constructed to cope with this heavy pressure. A Local Countryside Access Forum has been set up to explore how the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 can be implemented in the Peak District with the potential to open up a further 18000ha of land for public use. Ranger services; The Peak District National Park Authority Ranger Service provides information and advice to visitors and local communities and resolves immediate problems created by visitor pressure. The Rangers carry out practical countryside work and provide rescue services. Conservation Volunteers help with wildlife conservation and practical maintenance.

The Past, Present and Future of the Hubble Space Telescope :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Throughout the ages, humans have been looking for a way to see into the past. In the year 1990, astronomers from NASA made this possible. Sending the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit with the space shuttle Discovery, NASA would make historical discoveries beyond their wildest dreams. Earlier this year they discovered a galaxy approximately 13 billion light years from Earth. Viewing the object at 750 million years after the big bang, scientists have looked into a time shortly after the "Dark Ages," a time before the first galaxies and quasars were formed. This incredible discovery was made with the aid of a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2218. Being as massive as it is, Abell 2218 bends and amplifies any light that passes through it, working as a natural telescope ("Hubble"). The Hubble Space Telescope has become a great and valuable astronomic tool that NASA says is too costly and dangerous to keep running, a decision that may be premature. Originally planned to launch in 1986, the Hubble Space Telescope has seen its share of problems. Starting with the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle, the Hubble's birth into space was delayed four years (Raven). On April 24, 1990, NASA put the telescope into orbit, only to discover that its primary mirror had a systematic aberration. To fix the problem, a mission in December 1993 set out on the space shuttle Endeavor. The astronauts of the Endeavor replaced the High Speed Photometer with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). This device was designed to correct the aberration of the primary mirror. Even before the Endeavor mission, the space telescope produced many interesting images and was much more accurate than any Earth telescope. With the lack of atmosphere, the HST can look at objects at an angular distance of only 0.05 arcs second apart. The traditional ground-based telescopes can only resolve images about 0.5 arcs second apart, even under perfect sky conditions. With the new improvements, the HST could perform at the level for which it was designed. It could more accurately calculate the rate at which a galaxy is "receding from the Milky Way as a function of their distance" (qtd. in "Hubble"). For those confused by that statement: the HST would take a picture of a galaxy at one point and three seconds later (or any other given amount of time) take another pictur e of the galaxy and measure how much farther away it is.

How to prevent Teenage Pregnancy

Each year the United States is acknowledged for having the highest number of pregnant teens in the industrialized world. We have clueless teenage females of every race having children while they are in high school. Sex is on the minds of so many teenagers that they forget that they are not yet at a stage of having children. Since it is difficult for adolescent girl to resist the temptation of having sex; a while abstinence is the best form of prevention, birth control and other forms of protection are reliable ways to prevent teenage pregnancy. Abstinence is the best and safest way to preventing pregnancy at a young age.Abstinence is avoiding sex or any type of sexual activity. â€Å"If two people don’t have sex, then sperm can’t fertilize an egg and there’s no possibility of a pregnancy†(Hirsch1). â€Å"Only one-third of teen mothers will complete high school†(pike1). Many teenagers have sex before they leave high school catching STDs and becoming pregnant before graduating. Becoming abstinent is one of the best ways for preventing pregnancy because your not doing anything but avoiding peer pressure. Abstinence has a lot of peer pressure but it has a great ending in the long run.â€Å"Peer pressure and things you see on TV and in the movies can make the decision to practice abstinence more difficult†(Hirsch2). Even though it may be difficult for couples to resist having sex due to peer pressure it has its benefits in the end. They have a better chance of not receiving any type of STDs and most important not having children. â€Å"Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Although many birth control methods can have high rates of success if used properly, they can fail occasionally. Practicing abstinence ensures that a girl won’t become pregnant because there’s no opportunity for sperm to fertilize an egg†(Hirsch1).Even though abstinence is 100% affective not everyone has the ability to resist the powerful peer pressure that comes with it. Birth Control is the next best thing that is accepted by teenage girls. Birth control or contractive pills are pills that are taken orally to help stop the release of an egg every month. â€Å"In simple terms, all methods of birth control are based on either preventing a man‘s sperm from reaching and entering a woman‘s egg (fertilization) or preventing the fertilizes egg from implanting in the woman‘s uterus and starting to grow†(Stoppler1).Birth Control is 99. 9% effective when it comes to preventing teenage pregnancy. However birth control doesn’t permanently stop fertilization after you are on it. The contractive pills may also fail if a teenager was to miss one day of taking the pill after her period. â€Å"If pills are skipped or forgotten, a girl is not protected against pregnancy and she will need a backup form of birth control, such as condoms. Or she will need to stop having sex for a whi le. Do not take a friend’s or relative’s pills† (Hirsch1). Condoms are the most popular way of preventing teenage pregnancy.Condoms block the sperm from fertilizing the egg inside of the female. Condoms have different brands and types for females and males. â€Å"Condoms are absolutely the best birth control for teenagers. They protect against pregnancy and diseases. They are used at the time, so there is no need to fret over whether you forgot to take our pill last Tuesday. They are relatively inexpensive, and easily available (regardless of your age). Both genders can take responsibility for procuring and using them† (Rayne1). These outstanding items work unless someone was to use them the incorrect way.Condoms are made of latex or polyurethane. The best one to choose is the condom made out of latex because they are slightly more reliable. Polyurethane condoms are mostly made out of plastic. â€Å"The most common reason that condoms â€Å"fail† i s that the couple fails to use them at a. Still, it is possible for a condom to break or slip during intercourse. Condoms can also be damaged by things like fingernails and body piercing† (Hirsch2). Condoms are a very reliable source for preventing teenage pregnancy if they would just use them.Even though it may be hard for teenage girls to resist the not having sex; becoming abstinent, using different forms of birth control and condoms are the best way for preventing a unplanned pregnancy. We can stop the United States from having the highest rate of teenage pregnancy each year if the girls will do their part. So many youths have failed to live their life due to the fact that they have had children at a very young age. Having sex can wait, but if they do decide to take the risk of becoming a parent at a very young age, there are always three things they can do to prevent it from happening.

January Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

January is a historic month. Over the years, many patents, trademarks, and copyrights for inventions, products, films, and books were issued during these 31 days. Thats not to mention the plethora of famous inventors, scientists, authors, and artists who were born in January. If you were born in this first month of the Gregorian calendar, be sure to check out what historic event you may share a birthday with. Maybe an important invention was debuted on your day, or maybe you and a famous could have split a birthday cake. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the trademarking of Willy Wonka candy to the release of Michael Jacksons Thriller song, many inventions and creations were patented, trademarked, and copyrighted in January throughout history. Find out which household items and famous inventions got their official start during this month. January 1 1982 —  Vladimir Zworykin, the Russian engineer who invented the cathode ray tube, died. January 2 1975 — The U.S. Patent Office was renamed U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to incorporate its new function as a trademarking center. January 3 1967 — Harry Thomason received a patent for an apparatus for cooling and heating a house using solar energy. January 4 1972 — Willy Wonkas trademark was registered. January 5 1965 — The phrase Home of the Whopper was trademark registered by Burger King. January 6 1925 — Agronomist George Washington Carver was granted patent No. 1,522,176 for cosmetics. January 7 1913 — Patent No. 1,049,667 was granted to William Burton for the manufacture of gasoline. January 8 1783 — Connecticut became the first state to pass a copyright statute. It was entitled Act for the Encouragement of Literature and Genius and was enacted with the help of Dr. Noah Webster. January 9 1906 —  Campbells soup was trademark registered. January 10 1893 — Thomas Laine patented the electric gas lighter. January 11 1955 — Lloyd Conover patented the antibiotic tetracycline. January 12 1895 — The Printing and Binding Act of 1895 prohibited the copyrighting of any government publication. January 13 1930 —  The first-ever Mickey Mouse cartoon appeared in newspapers throughout the U.S. January 14 1890 — George Cooke received a patent for a gas burner. January 15 1861 — E.G. Otis was issued Patent No. 31,128 for improvement in hoisting apparatus (a safety elevator). January 16 1984 — Jim Hensons copyright claim on Kermit, the Muppet was renewed. January 17 1882 — Leroy Firman received a patent for the telephone switchboard. January 18 1957 — Lerner and Lowes musical My Fair Lady was registered. January 19 1915 — Doublemint  Gum was trademark registered. January 20 1857 — William Kelly patented the blast furnace for manufacturing steel.1929 — In Old Arizona, the first outdoor feature-length talking motion picture, was made. January 21 1939 — Arlen and Harburgs song Over the Rainbow was copyrighted.1954 — The first atomic submarine, the USS Nautilus, was launched. It was christened by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. January 22 1895 — Lifebuoy soap was trademark registered.1931 — Dutch broadcast company VARA began experimental television broadcasts from Diamantbeurs, Amsterdam. January 23 1849 — A patent was granted for an envelope-making machine.1943 — The movie Casablanca was copyrighted. January 24 1871 —  Charles Goodyear Jr. received a patent for the Goodyear Welt, a machine for sewing boots and shoes.1935 — The first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale, was sold by the Kruger Brewing Company of Richmond, VA. January 25 1870 — Gustavus Dows patented a modern form of the soda fountain.1881 - Michael Brassill obtained a patent for a candlestick. January 26 1875 — The first electric dental drill was patented by George Green.1909 — Milk-Bone brand was trademark registered. January 27 1880 — Patent No. 223,898 was granted to Thomas A. Edison  for an electric lamp for giving light by incandescence. January 28 1807 — Londons Pall Mall became the first street lit by gaslight.1873 — Patent No. 135,245 was obtained by French chemist Louis Pasteur for a process of brewing beer and ale. January 29 1895 —  Charles Steinmetz patented a system of distribution by alternating current (A/C power).1924 — Carl Taylor of Cleveland patented a machine that made ice cream cones. January 30 1883 — James Ritty and John Birch received a patent for the cash register. January 31 1851 — Gail Borden announced his invention of evaporated milk.1893 —  Coca-Cola  trademark for nutrient or tonic beverages was registered.1983 —  Michael Jacksons Thriller ​was copyrighted. Famous January Birthdays From Scottish scientists to the inventor of the computer mouse, many famous figured were born in the month of January. Find out who shares your January birthday and how their accomplishments changed the world. January 1 1854 — James G. Frazer, a Scottish scientist January 2 1822 — Rudolph J. E. Clausius, a  German physicist who researched thermodynamics1920 — Isaac Asimov, a scientist who also wrote I, Robot and the Foundation Trilogy January 3 1928 — Frank Ross Anderson, the International Chess Master of 1954 January 4 1643 —  Isaac Newton, a noted physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who invented a telescope and developed many important theories1797 — Wilhelm Beer, a  German astronomer who made the first moon map1809 —  Louis Braille, who  invented a reading system for the blind1813 — Isaac Pitman, a British scientist who invented the stenographic shorthand1872 — Edmund Rumpler, an Austrian auto and airplane builder1940 — Brian Josephson, a  British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973 January 5 1855 —  King Camp Gillette, who  invented the safety razor1859 — DeWitt B. Brace, who invented the spectrophotometer1874 — Joseph Erlanger, who invented shock therapy and won the Nobel Prize in 19441900 — Dennis Gabor, a physicist who invented  holography January 6 1745 —  Jacques and James Montgolfier,  twins who pioneered hot air ballooning January 7 1539 — Sebastian de Covarrubias Horozco, a famed  Spanish lexicographer January 8 1891 — Walter Bothe, a German subatomic particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 19541923 — Joseph Weizenbaum, an artificial  intelligence pioneer1942 — Stephen Hawking, an English physicist first who revealed black holes and baby universes January 9 1870 — Joseph B. Strauss, the civil engineer who built the  Golden Gate Bridge1890 — Karel Capek, a  Czech  writer who wrote the play R.U.R. and introduced the word robot January 10 1864 —  George Washington Carver, a famed African American agricultural chemist who is credited with inventing peanut butter1877 — Frederick Gardner Cottrell, who invented the electrostatic precipitator1938 — Donald Knuth, an  American computer scientist who wrote The Art of Computer Programming January 11 1895 — Laurens Hammond, an American who invented the Hammond organ1906 — Albert Hofmann, a  Swiss scientist who was the first to synthesize LSD January 12 1899 — Paul H. Muller, a Swiss chemist who invented DDT and won  the Nobel Prize  in 19481903 — Igor V. Kurtshatov, a Russian nuclear physicist who built the first Russian nuclear bomb1907 — Sergei Korolev, the lead spaceship designer for Russia during the Space Race1935 — Amazing Kreskin, a noted mentalist and magician1950 — Marilyn R. Smith, a noted microbiologist January 13 1864 —  Wilhelm K. W. Wien, a  German  physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 19111927 — Sydney Brenner, a South African biologist and winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to our understanding of genetic code January 14 1907 — Derek  Richter, a British chemist who wrote Aspects of Learning and Memory January 15 1908 —  Edward Teller, who  co-invented the H-bomb and worked on the Manhattan Project1963 — Bruce Schneier, an American  cryptographer who wrote many books on computer security and cryptography January 16 1853 — Andre Michelin, the French industrialist who invented Michelin tires1870 — Wilhelm Normann, a  German chemist who researched the hardening of oils1932 — Dian Fossey, a noted zoologist who wrote Gorillas in the Mist January 17 1857 — Eugene Augustin Lauste, who invented the first sound-on-film recording1928 — Vidal Sassoon, an  English hairstylist who founded Vidal Sasson1949 — Anita Borg, an  American computer scientist who  founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing January 18 1813 —  Joseph Glidden, who  invented useable barbed wire1854 — Thomas Watson, who assisted in the invention of the  telephone1856 — Daniel Hale Williams, the surgeon who performed the first open-heart operation1933 — Ray Dolby, who invented the Dolby noise-limiting system January 19 1736 — James Watt, a Scottish engineer who invented  a steam engine1813 —  Henry Bessemer, who  invented the Bessemer engine January 20 1916 — Walter Bartley, a famed biochemist January 21 1743 —  John Fitch, who  invented a steamboat1815 — Horace Wells, a dentist who pioneered the use of medical anesthesia1908 — Bengt Stromgren, a  Swedish astrophysicist who studied gas clouds1912 — Konrad Bloch, a German biochemist who researched cholesterol and won the Nobel Prize in 19641921 — Barney Clark, the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart January 22 1909 — Lev D. Landau, a Russian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 19621925 — Leslie Silver, a noted English paint manufacturer January 23 1929 — John Polanyi, a Canadian chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1986 January 24 1880 — Elisabeth Achelis, who invented the World Calendar1888 — Ernst Heinrich Heinkel, a  German inventor who built the first  rocket-powered  aircraft1928 — Desmond Morris, an  English zoologist who researched  body language1947 — Michio Kaku, an American scientist who wrote Physics of the Impossible, Physics of the Future, and The Future of the Mind, as well as hosted a number of science-based television programs January 25 1627 — Robert Boyle, an Irish physicist who wrote Boyles Law of Ideal Gases1900 — Theodosius Dobzhansky, a noted  geneticist  and the author of Mankind Evolving January 26 1907 — Hans Selye, an  Austrian endocrinologist who demonstrated the existence of biological stress1911 — Polykarp Kusch, an American nuclear physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1955 January 27 1834 — Dmitri Mendeleev, the chemist who invented the periodic table of elements1903 — John Eccles, a British physiologist and neurologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse January 28 1706 — John Baskerville, the English printer who invented typeface1855 —  William Seward Burroughs, who  invented  the adding machine1884 — Lucien H dAzambuja, a  French astronomer who discovered the chromosome of the sun1903 — Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, a noted crystallographer and the first woman member of the Royal Society1922 — Robert W. Holley, an  American biochemist who researched RNA and won the Nobel Prize in 1968 January 29 1810 — Ernst E. Kummer, a  German mathematician who  trained German army officers in ballistics1850 — Lawrence Hargrave, who invented the box kite1901 — Allen B. DuMont, who invented an improved  cathode ray tube1926 — Abdus Salam, a noted theoretical physicist January 30 1899 — Max Theiler, an  English microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 19511911 — Alexander George Ogston, a  biochemist  who  specialized in the thermodynamics of biological systems1925 —  Douglas Engelbart, who  invented the computer mouse1949 — Peter Agre, a noted American scientist and the director of the John Hopkins  Malaria Research Institute January 31 1868 — Theodore William Richards, a chemist who researched atomic weights and won the Nobel Prize in 19141929 — Rudolf Mossbauer, a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1961